耐火材料的特性、试验方法及修补工艺

  把耐火材料作为固体材料考虑的情况下，其材料特性大致可分为物理特性和化学特性，现实当中耐火材料的各种特性并不是单纯的，因此，按基础特性（群）和应用特性（群）进行分类的方法更实际些。

  所谓基础特性，正如其文字意义一样，为耐火材料基本的材料特性，这种特性是与耐火材料的形态或是用途无关的特性。例如，组织的致密性、结构成分、高温下的强度、热传导性等特性。

  对于属于基本特性的产品，耐火材料的试验方法，其大部分已标准化和规格化。有关应用特性使用频率高的成品，以标准化或是相近的形式使其具有普遍性。耐火材料的试验方法随着时代的发展发生着变化，正如正文所论述的那样，对于技术发展的历史也是具有很大意义的。

  现在使用的耐火材料的试验方法，大致分为以下几点：

  （1）制造过程中的生产管理、质量管理的试验（包含原料分析、缺陷检验等）。

  （2）成品基本特性、应用特性的试验。

  （3）成品的模拟模型试验（Simulate test）。

  （4）通过在实际炉子内对成品进行试用的试验。

  有关耐火材料的质量规格，各国政府以及民间组织就此已经开展了制定和修改的工作，关于这方面将进行论述。最近，对于耐火材料和质量规格的国际标准ISO的整合正是一大好时机。

  炉体设计和耐火材料的施工、修补

  耐火材料使用于炉内（或是其他各种高温处理设备），其使用顺序，首先是炉体的设计先行，此过程中决定了耐火材料必须使用的种类、形状、尺寸等，施工方法的基本条件也是通过设计阶段大体决定的，一般认为设计阶段决定耐火材料使用效果的一半以上，但是，受施工条件、炉子操作条件（使用条件）的影响，特别是炉子操作条件和当初设计前提条件有很大差别，差别更大时其影响程度就更大。

  耐火材料的施工、修补炉（砌炉、修炉）的操作，以往是在高温、多尘的劳动环境下进行的，但随着机械化作业的进展，劳动环境大为改善，特别是不定形耐火材料的扩大使用，对施工、修补的机械化作业有极大地推动作用。

Characteristics, test methods and repair techniques of refractories

  When considering the refractory as a solid material, its material properties can be roughly divided into physical properties and chemical properties, and the various characteristics of refractories in reality are not simple, therefore, the classification method is more practical according to the basic characteristics (group) and application characteristics (group).

  The so-called basic characteristics, as its literal meaning, are the basic material characteristics of refractory materials, which are unrelated to the shape or use of refractory materials. For example, the density of the tissue, structural composition, strength at high temperatures, thermal conductivity and other characteristics.

  For products with basic characteristics, most of the test methods for refractories have been standardized and normalized. The use of frequently used finished products, in a standardized or similar form to make it universal. The test method of refractories has changed with the development of The Times, as discussed in the text, it is also of great significance for the history of technological development.

  The test methods of refractory materials used now are roughly divided into the following points:

  (1) Testing of production management and quality management in the manufacturing process (including raw material analysis, defect inspection, etc.).

  (2) Test of the basic characteristics and application characteristics of the finished product.

  (3) Simulate test of the finished product.

  (4) By testing the finished product in the actual furnace.

  Regarding the quality specifications of refractory materials, governments and civil organizations have carried out work to develop and modify them, and this aspect will be discussed. The recent integration of ISO, an international standard for refractories and quality specifications, is a good time.

  Furnace body design and refractory construction and repair

  Refractory materials used in the furnace (or other various high temperature treatment equipment), the order of use, first is the design of the furnace first, this process determines the type of refractory materials must be used, shape, size, etc., the basic conditions of the construction method is also determined by the design stage, it is generally believed that the design stage determines the use of refractory materials more than half of the effect, but, Affected by construction conditions and furnace operating conditions (conditions of use), especially the furnace operating conditions are very different from the original design prerequisites, and the impact is greater when the difference is greater.

  The construction of refractory materials and the operation of repair furnaces (building furnaces, repairing furnaces) used to be carried out under high temperature and dusty working environment, but with the progress of mechanization operations, the working environment has been greatly improved, especially the expanded use of amorphous refractory materials, which has greatly promoted the mechanized operation of construction and repair.